Karin Brothers
The world's most persistent refugee crisis in the 20th century started with Israel's ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Palestinian population in both 1948 and in the 1967 "Six Day War." Given Israel's ongoing treatment of the Palestinian population and the UN's responsibility for partitioning Palestine, the UN General Assembly mandated the UNRWA (The United Nations Relief and Works Agency) in 1949 to provide both relief and public works for Palestinian refugees.
After the 1967 war, Israel took over the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza, territories that had been held in trust for Palestinians by Jordan and Egypt respectively. The world community recognized the Israeli take-over of these territories as a hostile military occupation, which put Israel under the governance of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which makes the protection of civilians under any military occupation the contractual legal responsibility of the Occupying Power. Virtually the entire world community -- almost 200 nations, including Israel -- have signed this Convention, which obligates them, in turn, to ensure that any Occupying Power is held responsible for gross violation of the statutes -- by definition, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
The Fourth Geneva Convention protects civilians living under military occupation in many ways, including: they are to be treated with respect personally, their properties are not to be violated ("except for 'military necessity'"), they are not to be brutalized, deported or killed, and the Occupying Power is to ensure that they have access to adequate food, water, medical care and educational/employment access. The Occupying Power is not to move its own population into occupied territory and is never permitted to acquire any occupied territory, even by agreement.
Despite Israel's obligation after 1967 to ensure the well-being of civilians living in the occupied Palestinian territories (oPt), the UNRWA continued to pay for their minimal care.
The UNRWA today provides assistance to 5.2 million Palestinian refugees throughout the Middle East: in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. It provides health care, education, social services, emergency aid and infrastructure support with a budget of 1.4 billion.
UNRWA's assistance to Gaza's 1.28 million refugees is one quarter of the regional total; it provides about 14% of Gaza's GDP and is the only source of stability in the besieged territory.
The situation in Gaza is particularly troubling; Israel's attacks have left it on the brink of economic and humanitarian collapse. Gaza is not only starting the 10th year of Israel's brutal blockade (the siege of the notorious Warsaw Ghetto only lasted 2 years), but Israel's continued attacks on Gaza have meant that no one invests in Gaza. Gaza's unemployment is the highest in the world; 40% of Gazans live beneath the poverty line. Over 90% of Gaza's water is unfit for human consumption (Israeli actions salinate Gaza's aquifer and Israel has turned away water purifiers for Gaza), there is little electricity because of Israeli attacks on the power plant and the withholding of fuel, and a functioning sewage treatment system no longer exists, fouling the Mediterranean Sea as well as Gaza tap water. Israel has not only washed it hands of its obligations, but it continues to destroy Gaza's environment and the lives of its inhabitants. A UN report claimed that by 2020, the Gaza Strip would be uninhabitable. Gaza's one resource, an immense gas field, has been taken over by Israel.
In 2015, the UNRWA has been unable to meet its financial obligations, with a deficit of over $100 million in the General Fund (covering education and health) and a deficit of around $230 million in its Emergency Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territories, 88% of which is for Gaza. They also have a deficit of about $280 million in its Syria Appeal. There are various reasons for the deficit, including: an increasing number of refugees to care for, decreasing funding (partly due to an unfortunate Euro exchange rate), and Israel's hobbling the UNRWA with $7.5 million in extra delivery costs to Gaza.
In order to reduce its costs, the UNRWA has had to cut funding to 20,000 refugee families in Gaza as well as Palestinian refugees from Syria. It will be cutting back on educational costs by delaying the opening of 700 schools and increasing the size of classes to 50. The cutbacks will affect 500,000 children, half of whom are in the Gaza Strip. It noted that if it did not solve its problems by October, it would be unable to pay staff salaries, which would leave over 76,000 Gazans without any source of income.
Canada has figured largely in UNRWA's deficit. In 2007 and 2008, Canada contributed $28 million per year, divided between the General Fund and the Emergency Appeal. In 2009, this was reduced to $19 million for the Emergency Appeal alone, and in 2010, 2011 and 2012, $15 million/year for the Emergency Appeal. Canada ceased its UNRWA donations in 2013 (reportedly shifting the funding to Israeli security), contributing to the UNRWA's deficit by a cumulative $132 million -- most of which would have been used to feed the impoverished in Gaza.
No other major donor has stopped UNRWA funding and the UNRWA has not been able to recover from the loss of Canada's annual $28 million donations. A UNRWA official called Canada's act "desperately damaging."
While the world community -- in particular, those causing the refugees -- should be taking responsibility for the costs, humanitarian aid should not be regarded as a permanent solution to the refugee problem; it is unconscionable that some refugee camps are over 65 years old. Refugees must ultimately be resettled, and those legally responsible for the problem should be motivated to find a solution.
Israel should be encouraged to solve the Palestinian refugees' situation because of its legal and moral responsibilities, and the world community should not be on the hook forever for Israel's obligations. There must be an acceptable end to the years of Palestinian suffering. If Israel were forced to pay the full UNRWA costs of keeping Palestinians caged in Gaza and in West Bank refugee camps -- plus its other obligations to the Palestinians under international humanitarian law -- it would have a huge financial incentive to find an acceptable, permanent solution.
This will only happen once the world community decides to make Israel responsible for its obligations.
The UN could lay sanctions on Israel, or countries could call for boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) as they did to combat the apartheid in South Africa.
In the mean time, a Canadian change of government should hopefully restore UNRWA funding.
Karin Brothers is a freelance writer
The world's most persistent refugee crisis in the 20th century started with Israel's ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Palestinian population in both 1948 and in the 1967 "Six Day War." Given Israel's ongoing treatment of the Palestinian population and the UN's responsibility for partitioning Palestine, the UN General Assembly mandated the UNRWA (The United Nations Relief and Works Agency) in 1949 to provide both relief and public works for Palestinian refugees.
After the 1967 war, Israel took over the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza, territories that had been held in trust for Palestinians by Jordan and Egypt respectively. The world community recognized the Israeli take-over of these territories as a hostile military occupation, which put Israel under the governance of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which makes the protection of civilians under any military occupation the contractual legal responsibility of the Occupying Power. Virtually the entire world community -- almost 200 nations, including Israel -- have signed this Convention, which obligates them, in turn, to ensure that any Occupying Power is held responsible for gross violation of the statutes -- by definition, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
The Fourth Geneva Convention protects civilians living under military occupation in many ways, including: they are to be treated with respect personally, their properties are not to be violated ("except for 'military necessity'"), they are not to be brutalized, deported or killed, and the Occupying Power is to ensure that they have access to adequate food, water, medical care and educational/employment access. The Occupying Power is not to move its own population into occupied territory and is never permitted to acquire any occupied territory, even by agreement.
Despite Israel's obligation after 1967 to ensure the well-being of civilians living in the occupied Palestinian territories (oPt), the UNRWA continued to pay for their minimal care.
The UNRWA today provides assistance to 5.2 million Palestinian refugees throughout the Middle East: in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. It provides health care, education, social services, emergency aid and infrastructure support with a budget of 1.4 billion.
UNRWA's assistance to Gaza's 1.28 million refugees is one quarter of the regional total; it provides about 14% of Gaza's GDP and is the only source of stability in the besieged territory.
The situation in Gaza is particularly troubling; Israel's attacks have left it on the brink of economic and humanitarian collapse. Gaza is not only starting the 10th year of Israel's brutal blockade (the siege of the notorious Warsaw Ghetto only lasted 2 years), but Israel's continued attacks on Gaza have meant that no one invests in Gaza. Gaza's unemployment is the highest in the world; 40% of Gazans live beneath the poverty line. Over 90% of Gaza's water is unfit for human consumption (Israeli actions salinate Gaza's aquifer and Israel has turned away water purifiers for Gaza), there is little electricity because of Israeli attacks on the power plant and the withholding of fuel, and a functioning sewage treatment system no longer exists, fouling the Mediterranean Sea as well as Gaza tap water. Israel has not only washed it hands of its obligations, but it continues to destroy Gaza's environment and the lives of its inhabitants. A UN report claimed that by 2020, the Gaza Strip would be uninhabitable. Gaza's one resource, an immense gas field, has been taken over by Israel.
In 2015, the UNRWA has been unable to meet its financial obligations, with a deficit of over $100 million in the General Fund (covering education and health) and a deficit of around $230 million in its Emergency Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territories, 88% of which is for Gaza. They also have a deficit of about $280 million in its Syria Appeal. There are various reasons for the deficit, including: an increasing number of refugees to care for, decreasing funding (partly due to an unfortunate Euro exchange rate), and Israel's hobbling the UNRWA with $7.5 million in extra delivery costs to Gaza.
In order to reduce its costs, the UNRWA has had to cut funding to 20,000 refugee families in Gaza as well as Palestinian refugees from Syria. It will be cutting back on educational costs by delaying the opening of 700 schools and increasing the size of classes to 50. The cutbacks will affect 500,000 children, half of whom are in the Gaza Strip. It noted that if it did not solve its problems by October, it would be unable to pay staff salaries, which would leave over 76,000 Gazans without any source of income.
Canada has figured largely in UNRWA's deficit. In 2007 and 2008, Canada contributed $28 million per year, divided between the General Fund and the Emergency Appeal. In 2009, this was reduced to $19 million for the Emergency Appeal alone, and in 2010, 2011 and 2012, $15 million/year for the Emergency Appeal. Canada ceased its UNRWA donations in 2013 (reportedly shifting the funding to Israeli security), contributing to the UNRWA's deficit by a cumulative $132 million -- most of which would have been used to feed the impoverished in Gaza.
No other major donor has stopped UNRWA funding and the UNRWA has not been able to recover from the loss of Canada's annual $28 million donations. A UNRWA official called Canada's act "desperately damaging."
While the world community -- in particular, those causing the refugees -- should be taking responsibility for the costs, humanitarian aid should not be regarded as a permanent solution to the refugee problem; it is unconscionable that some refugee camps are over 65 years old. Refugees must ultimately be resettled, and those legally responsible for the problem should be motivated to find a solution.
Israel should be encouraged to solve the Palestinian refugees' situation because of its legal and moral responsibilities, and the world community should not be on the hook forever for Israel's obligations. There must be an acceptable end to the years of Palestinian suffering. If Israel were forced to pay the full UNRWA costs of keeping Palestinians caged in Gaza and in West Bank refugee camps -- plus its other obligations to the Palestinians under international humanitarian law -- it would have a huge financial incentive to find an acceptable, permanent solution.
This will only happen once the world community decides to make Israel responsible for its obligations.
The UN could lay sanctions on Israel, or countries could call for boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) as they did to combat the apartheid in South Africa.
In the mean time, a Canadian change of government should hopefully restore UNRWA funding.
Karin Brothers is a freelance writer
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